PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF LEAD-ACID AND LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES UNDER URBAN DRIVING CONDITIONS

Abstract

This research aimed to compare the performance of lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries in an urban driving cycle consisting of repetitive acceleration, deceleration, idling, cruising, and regenerative braking operations. This is because batteries have been tested for their terminal-voltage stability, energy delivered, round-trip efficiency, temperature rise, power capacity at different states of charge, the energy recovered regeneratively, and estimated driving range retention. It demonstrated the lithium-ion battery has more electrical and thermal stability in the urban driving cycles. After five repeated cycles, it had retained 96.1% of the delivered energy, while the lead-acid battery had retained 90.1% of the delivered energy. The lithium-ion round-trip efficiency exceeded 84% in all driving segments and even reached 93.1% during cruising as compared to the lead-acid battery, with efficiencies ranging between 61.2% and 76.8%. The lithium-ion battery had a maximum power output of 5.2 kW compared to 2.0 kW for the lead-acid battery when the batteries were charged to a state of charge of 20%. Lithuanian also recovered approximately twice the regenerative-braking energy per trip and experienced only a 5% decrease in the estimated range after 10 repeated trips. The study results show that lithium-ion batteries would be more suitable for urban stop-and-go applications due to their high efficiency, high power, thermal stability, regenerative capacity, and leveling range. In other applications, including low-cost applications, weight, efficiency, and dynamic performance are less important so that lead-acid batteries could be used.